Even though much inhaled COVID-19 virus immediately penetrates into the lungs, some remains in the throat where it replicates to very high numbers–for instance, a peak at 711,000,000 RNA copies per throat swab day 4 (Wölfel R et al. Nature 2020;Apr 1). According to a Reinforcement Model of COVID-19 infections, many of these replicates descend into the lungs, where they furnish a stream of reinforcements that cumulatively outweigh the replication of the initial penetrating dose. Hence treating the throat with gargling seems highly desirable.
Rationale for Gargling against COVID-19
Halotherapy versus COVID-19
Originating in Eastern Europe, Halotherapy uses aerosol microparticles of salt to treat respiratory conditions. While it has shown effectiveness against asthma, bronchitis, and other chronic respiratory conditions, there is evidence that HT is also effective as prophylaxis against respiratory infections. In this video, Viktoria Nagudi discusses with Kenneth Dillon of Scientia Press the history, modalities, applications, and potential benefits of HT in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, including for reopening the economy and schools. See also https://www.scientiapress.com/halotherapy.
A new theory of the origin of the terrestrial planets—that Jupiter’s gravity pulled them inward from the outer solar system—solves longstanding scientific riddles and offers a rich agenda for further investigation.
Concerned over shortages of face masks, U.S. medical authorities initially discouraged the use of face masks by the public. But a good deal of evidence (Jefferson T 2007) shows that face masks reduced the risk of infection by 68% in SARS, an analogue of COVID-19. This suggests that wearing face masks can go far toward slowing the spread of the pandemic. Therefore, we need to find a way to provide enough of them not just to protect medical personnel but also to protect the public. Reusing them seems a very attractive strategy.
The Knowable Past (Second Edition)
IT and Asymmetric Warfare in Ukraine


Ukraine Urgently Needs Funding
The failure of the US to fund Ukraine puts it at risk of a disastrous defeat at the hands of a merciless Russia. ChatGPT and I discussed several options for Ukraine in finding financing.
Ukraine’s Pathway Forward in AI
If neither the US nor the EU will fund Ukraine, ChatGPT and I discussed how American corporations could find it in their interest to collaborate deeply with Ukraine in the area of AI.
Coalition of the Willing
[December 13, 2023] If Congress rejects further U.S. military and financial support, the valiant Ukrainians and their democratic allies face a disastrous defeat.
To find other options, this writer brainstormed with Chat GPT. Our discussion led to a plan to form a U.S.- and EU-backed Coalition of the Willing, including Canada, the UK, Scandinavia, Germany, Poland, Baltic countries, and perhaps France as well as Japan, Korea, and Australia. While positioning troops, weapons, and materiel in Western Ukraine is not a realistic option at present, it might become a serious possibility if Russia advances and appears poised to conquer all of Ukraine. The U.S. would be a non-paying member that would supply intelligence, diplomacy, and coordination until such time as Congress might vote for funding.